ABSTRACT Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) is an ornamental and medicinal plant that has edible flowers. Drought and salt stress decrease flower production and quality, including affecting sugar metabolism and ethylene production. Ethylene can accelerate the nasturtium senescence process, decreasing its postharvest quality. The use of polyamines, mainly spermine, may be a strategy for reducing the harmful effects of these stresses on the metabolism of sugars and phenolic compounds and for decreasing the production of ethylene, which accelerates senescence, in nasturtium flowers. Therefore, the objective here was to evaluate the role of spermine application on sugar and phenolic compounds and on ethylene production in nasturtium flowers grown under drought and salt stress. Two experiments were performed in isolation and at the same time in order to achieve this. Spermine down-regulated ethylene production and up-regulated the content of sugars and phenolic compounds on nasturtium flowers grown under drought and saline stress. Sugars and phenolic compounds down-regulated ethylene production in nasturtium flowers. Spermine can be used to mitigate the harmful effects of drought and salt stress on nasturtium flowers by increasing sugar and phenolic compounds and decreasing ethylene production. Tropaeolum majus quality process polyamines Therefore this downregulated down regulated upregulated up

Resumen En la meseta de Araripe la intensa actividad antrópica resulta en la degradación y el riesgo de extinción de especies medicinales nativas como Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker (comúnmente llamada Candeeiro). El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los principales métodos de propagación y evaluar la supervivencia de plántulas en diferentes ambientes. Se instalaron dos experimentos en la sede de IBAMA, ubicada en el Bosque Nacional de Araripe (FLONA), Crato, Estado de Ceará, Brasil. Se evaluaron el potencial de producción de plántulas y el corte de tallos y raíces, así como la adaptación de éstas a los ambientes área experimental y hábitat natural. Para la producción de plántulas, el diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio en un esquema factorial 4 x 2 (cuatro temporadas de siembra y dos entornos distintos), con tres repeticiones y veinticinco semillas por repetición, con un total de 600 semillas. Para la evaluación del efecto del sustrato utilizado, el tipo de corte y el entorno, los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar en un esquema factorial de 2 x 4, que correspondía a dos tipos de cortes y cuatro sustratos en dos repeticiones con 72 cortes por réplica. También se evaluaron el número de esquejes vivos con callos de esquejes con raíces, masa verde y seca de la raíz, persistencia de la hoja, altura y supervivencia de las plántulas. El desarrollo de las plántulas fue significativamente mayor en el área experimental, lo que indica que V. arborea puede ser explotarse racionalmente. La propagación por esquejes de la planta no fue exitosa, por lo que es necesario evaluar otros sistemas de multiplicación.

Abstract In the Araripe Plateau (Ceará, Brasil), there is an intense anthropic activity that results in the degradation and risk of extinction of native medicinal species such as Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker (commonly named as Candeeiro). The aim of this research was to assess the main propagation methods of this species and to evaluate the survival of the seedlings in different environments. Two experiments were installed in the headquarters house of IBAMA situated in the Araripe National Forest (FLONA), Crato, State of Ceará, Brazil. The potential of seedling production and stem and root cuttings were evaluated, as well as seedlings adaptation to both environments (experimental area and natural habitat). For seedlings production, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme (four sowing seasons and two distinct environments), with three replications and twenty-five seeds per replicate, with a total of 600 seeds. For evaluation of substrate effect, cutting type and environment, treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, which corresponded to two types of cuttings and four substrates in two replications with 72 cuttings per replicate. The number of live cuttings with callus of rooted cuttings, root fresh mass and root dry mass, leaf persistence, height and survival of the seedlings were also evaluated. Seedlings development was significantly greater in the experimental area indicating that V. arborea is a plant that can be rationally exploited. It is recommended that for the propagation of the species, other types of propagules should be tested since there was no success with the use of root cuttings.

RESUMO O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes mais exigidos pelo milho pipoca e também o que mais onera o custo de produção. Considerando-se esses fatores objetivou-se comesse trabalho avaliar a eficácia da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense em sementes de milho pipoca, associada a quatro níveis de adubação nitrogenada e a sua contribuição para as características ligadas à produção. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade da Universidade Federal do Cariri- Crato, CE. Foram avaliados oito tratamentos com quatro repetições, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x4 correspondente àpresença e ausência de inoculação, e a quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. Foram avaliadas as características: altura da planta, altura da inserção da espiga, número de plantas, número de plantas acamadas, número de plantas quebradas, número de espiga mal empalhada, diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de espigas, número de espiga, número de espiga doente, número de espigas com praga, produtividade de grão, peso de espiga,peso médio de 100 grãos e capacidade de expansão.Houve diferenças significativas para a maioria das características avaliadas com um incremento de 17,18% para número de espiga e 10,78% para produtividade de grão reduzindo-se a adubação de cobertura a 50 kg ha-1 na presença de A. brasiliensi. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial na economia de adubos nitrogenados na produção de milho pipoca nas condições edafoclimáticas do Cariri Cearense.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen is one of the nutrients most demandedby popcorn, and one that most increases production costs. Considering these factors, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculatingpopcorn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense together with four levels of nitrogen fertiliser, and its contribution to characteristics related to production. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Centre for Agrarian Sciences and Biodiversity of the Federal University of Cariri, in Crato, in the State of Ceará. Eight treatments were evaluated with four replications, using an experimental design of randomised blocks in a 2x4 factorial scheme corresponding to the presence and absence of inoculation, and to four doses of nitrogen as top dressing. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, height of ear insertion, number of plants, number of lodged plants, number of broken plants, number of poorly husked ears, ear diameter, ear length, number of ears, number of diseased ears, number of infested ears, grain productivity, ear weight, mean 100-grain weight, and expansion capacity. There were significant differences for most of the characteristics under evaluation, with an increase of 17.18% in the number of ears and 10.78% in grain productivity, reducing the top dressing to 50 kg ha-1 in the presence of A. brasiliensi. These results demonstrate the potential for economisingnitrogen fertiliser in popcorn production under the soil and climate conditions of the Cariri region of the State of Ceará.

Avaliou-se a formação de porta-enxertos de goiabeira em tubetes e em diferentes substratos: vermiculita + vermicomposto, casca de arroz carbonizada + vermicomposto, vermicomposto + tegumento de amêndoa de caju decomposto, casca de arroz carbonizada + esterco bovino curtido, casca de arroz carbonizada + vermiculita e pó da casca de coco maduro + folha de carnaubeira triturada e decomposta. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 6 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 14 plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados a altura da parte aérea, o diâmetro do caule e o número de folhas aos 60; 90 e 120 dias após a semeadura. Avaliaram-se a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, a facilidade de retirada da muda do tubete e a agregação do substrato às raízes, aos 120 dias. Porta-enxertos produzidos aos 120 dias propiciaram os maiores valores de altura da parte aérea (30,2 cm), diâmetro do caule (5,3 mm), massa da matéria seca da parte aérea (5,7 g) e das raízes (3,0 g), e número de folhas (14,5) quando foi usado o substrato vermiculita + vermicomposto. Maior facilidade de retirada da muda do tubete foi encontrada nos substratos vermiculita + vermicomposto, vermicomposto + tegumento de amêndoa de caju decomposto, casca de arroz carbonizada + vermiculita e casca de arroz carbonizada + esterco bovino curtido. Todos os substratos apresentaram ótima agregação do substrato às raízes.

The formation of guava rootstocks in root plugs was evaluated in differents substrates: vermiculite + vermicompost, carbonized rice hulls + vermicompost, vermicompost + decompose cashewnut tegument, carbonized rice hulls + cattle manure, carbonized rice hulls + vermiculite and dust peel of ripened coconut fruit + decompose leave dust from carnauba palm tree. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments, 4 replicates and 14 plants per plot. The plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were measured in three different periods at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing. Shoot dry matter and root dry matter mass, the facility to remove the seedling from the root plug and substrates aggregation to root were evaluated at 120 days after sowing. The results showed that guava rootstocks with 120 days provided the taller plant height (30.2 cm), stem diameter (5.3 mm), dry matter mass (5.7g), root dry matter mass (3.0 g) and number of leaves (14.5) in the vermiculite + vermicompost substrate. The easiest substrate to take out the rootstocks from the root plug were achieved using vermiculite + vermicompost, vermicompost + decompose cashwewnut tegument, carbonized rice hulls + vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls + cattle manure. It was observed that all the substrates showed excellent results in substrate aggregation.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a influência do ethephon, do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e do substrato no enraizamento de estacas obtidas de ramos de goiabeira. As plantas de um pomar com cinco anos de idade foram pulverizadas com ethephon nas concentrações de zero, 50 e 100ppm, sendo que após sete dias, foram feitas estacas de ramos do último lançamento, com três nós por estaca e um par de folhas. Estas foram tratadas com as concentrações de zero, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000ppm de AIB na forma liquida, por imersão de dois cm da base da estaca durante cinco segundos. Os substratos utilizados como meio de enraizamento foram vermiculita e cinza de casca de arroz. Os resultados mostram que com a utilização de vermiculita obteve-se maior percentagem de estacas enraizadas (21,48 %). Os reguladores Ethephon e AIB afetaram a percentagem de estacas enraizadas assim como o número de raízes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of ethephon, indole butyric acid (IBA) and substrate on root formation of guava stem cuttings. Orchard plants withfive years old were sprayed with ethephon in concentrations of zero, 50 and 100ppm. However, after seven days, stem cuttings were made, of the last lauching with three knots by cutting including one pair of leaves. Cuttings were treated with concentrations of zero, 1000, 2000. 3000 and 4000ppm of liquid IBA by immersion of two centimeter of the basis of cutting for five minutes. Vermiculite and ash rice were used as substrato. Results showed that the use of vermiculite produced greater percentage of cuttings rooted (21.48%). A greater cutting rooted and number of roots were obtained using ethephon and IBA.